What does a director of an animated film do? What did Walt Disney do as “director” as he opened his 1923 cartoon studio? What do directors do today? Honestly, it may be more complicated than you think!
Directing at Disney: The Original Directors of Walt’s Animated Films by Don Peri and Pete Doctor outlines the history of animation directors from pre-Disney Brothers Studios to the retirement of one of the original Nine Old Men Woolie Reitherman. Peri and Doctor start the book dropping us into early 20th-century animation, a time when animators were assigned scenes and largely were unsupervised by studio leadership in scene production. Walt Disney, as the visionary creative force behind his studio, took on a bigger role at his shop, dictating and approving the shots in his cartoon shorts. As the studio grew, Ub Iwerks, would take on a more supervisory role taking some of the roles from Disney that we would label directorial today. As this division of labor was more defined as the studio grew, Walt Disney filled the role of creative visionary with directors taking on the coordination and supervisory roles. And while not called directors, Iwerks and Burt Gillett took on these direction roles allowing Disney to focus his attention elsewhere. Director Dave Hand would fight to even better define the role of Disney directors in organization and authority, with the hope that the organization could create an efficient creative machine…but Disney would often interfere with the efficiencies Hand desired through his personality. Peri and Doctor provide chapters to highlight other key Disney directors such as Ben Sharpsteen, and Wilfred Jackson, up until Reitherman, detailing the evolution of organizational, supervisory, and creative roles including the differences between directors, sequence directors, and other directing roles. Much of this evolution follows the trail of creative vision, moving fully from Disney as a producer to Reitherman as director providing his own stories much like modern Disney directors do today.
There is a lot to love about this book. It easily could have slid into a reference-type book with a dull narrative. The tools of a reference book are here, with eye-catching illustrations that detail complicated organizational relationships and appendixes that list out titles and credits for directing-type positions. But Peri and Doctor run from reference only and use their chapters to provide us with biographical stories that clearly show roles, authority, and change. They often come with personality. For example, Sharpsteen is a figure that I have often seen animators complain about as a company man who was macro-managing. Peri and Doctor don’t run from this characterization. But they do place in the context of the needs of the studio at the time and Sharpsteen’s personality. What others may have seen as overbearing, Sharpsteen saw as parental. This personality element makes this more than a bland reference that sits on a shelf just to answer a trivia question or comparison data. It is a story of people working within a changing organization, and often struggling with this change.
There is a line between publicity and history that can sometimes be merged in the corporate press of a major firm. I can see how modern leadership would have loved a book that came out and said, “Everything was fine.” But the book to me illustrates the tension. Walt Disney’s interests changed. The book details the lives of individuals who had opinions of their own about how to best make animated films and shorts and often did not agree with each other. Some personalities fell out of favor with Walt Disney himself. Maybe because of Doctor’s authority within modern Disney, I feel a story is told that does not make heroes out of legends or hide the tension. For example, Dave Hand who loved structure as seen by his reproduced organization chart, did have personality conflicts with Walt Disney. This led to a falling out that left Hand outside of the studio. How others saw directors like Sharpsteen and Reitherman is clear. Maybe along with Doctor’s current personal authority within the company, this tension between guidance and authority is found in his journey, and something he was very well aware of, as being a leader is not always about being beloved.
Directing at Disney: The Original Directors of Walt’s Animated Films by Don Peri and Pete Doctor is a gorgeously illustrated book telling a story of organizational evolution and the personalities that helped build the changing role of animation directors. It is a frank discussion about change within a corporate body and the tensions that this creates. Peri and Doctor note the years they worked on this volume, and it was well-spent by providing a book that allows us to see the directors and not just the trivia.
